Zoo Essay Example for Free

Zoo Essay Going to the zoo has always been a favorite American past time. Families would sometimes retreat to this place where animals from the wild are caged and enjoy how these animals interact with each other. While man has always been at the top of the pyramid, the wonder of seeing these animals live and relate with others in their species has time and again drawn old and young children alike. Among the animals closest to man are the gorillas, baboons and mandrills. In the same way that man forms his own community, these animals also form their own legions of society. Gorillas like humans have their own distinct identification. Whereas man is identified according to his fingerprints, gorillas on the other hand are identified through their noses in which each gorilla has its own unique nose pattern. Gorillas moves quadrupedally and uses a special kind of quadrupedal gait wherein it uses its knuckles, hence, the term â€Å"knuckle walking†. Gorillas can also climb trees or higher surfaces but they cannot move suspensory as in the case of monkeys. Looking at the group of gorillas closely, one cannot see that it is patriarchal and polygynous in the sense that a basic group is composed of one male, usually a mature-silver black male wherein he acts as the leader of the group and unlike other primates, gorillas are more reserved. When they are in the wild, female gorillas would normally leave their group upon reaching sexual maturity and would tend to join groups of gorillas with a fewer females. It is evident by watching these groups of gorillas that there is hierarchy among them although males place high in the hierarchy. Like humans, grooming among gorillas also has become an essential habit and this usually occurs between the male silver back and the adult females. However, despite having lived in the care of humans, gorillas seldom interact with them. In fact, in the twenty-minute observation of this species, only once did the gorillas notice their visitors. They seemed to be living in their own world and no care whatsoever with its human visitors. While gorillas are reserved, baboons on the other hand most frequently interact with people. As seen by their actions, baboons are intelligent and very crafty that when they are in the wild, they are often treated like pests because they steal agricultural crops. But like gorillas, baboons also move quadrupedally although when they run, they seem to be like that of a horse galloping. They are very lithe and when something gets its attention, baboons tends to become excited and would run abound in its cage. Adult baboons sit in small groups while they grooming each other and the young ones play around. And ironically, among all the primates, the baboons seemed to be the most conscious and conceited because they spend most of their time grooming themselves although this can be different when they are in the wild. This is probably a form of forging a bond among their group while keeping their bodies free and clean or external parasites that would cling to their furs. Unlike gorillas which have a definite male hierarchy, baboons on the other hand allow females to rise in rank as leaders in their groups. Young baboon males enter new groups by forming â€Å"friendships† among females by protecting and defending them. Even for a short period of time, it is evident that baboons can also be aggressive especially among males. On the other hand, the black and white colobus monkey seems to be a mutilated or mutant form of primates. Although its black and white fur is very beautiful, it does not have thumbs like the baboons and gorillas. The infant black and white colobus are nearly white all over that it barely resembles its parents. Its tale is very fluffy like that of a stuff toy and their stomach seemed to be bloated and large. The black and white colobus monkey is very lithe and agile. It rarely goes to the ground and uses the branches and bars as trampolines, jumping up and down and leap among bars. Like the gorillas, the black and white colobus monkey is dominated by a male and forms its own territory. Because the colobus monkey tends to stay up on branches and bars surrounding its cage, it rarely interacts with humans. This kind of primate moves quadrupedally and is a semibrachiators as well as an agile acrobatic leaper. In fact, it can move up from bar to bar or from one branch to another with a length of six meters. Interestingly though, the tail of the colobus monkey is being used to balance itself. It is also funny to take note of that colobus monkeys belch on each others faces. When they are out in the wild, the colobus monkey is normally headed by a male but the female is not totally dominated. For example, the female black and white colobus monkey in the zoo seemed to form a society or bond of their own, taking care of the offspring of one and seemed to pass it along to other female colobus monkeys that it is hard to keep track which is the mother of the infant colobus monkey. Indeed a visit to the zoo even for just twenty minutes will render a visitor various insights as to how these animals act and move. The facts learned from books and the Internet are not only substantiated but also corroborated and having kids around to watch these animals will definitely teach them how these animals live in their own communities.

Management By Objectives :: Business Management Studies

Management By Objectives MBO Principles: * Cascading of organizational goals and objectives. * Specific objectives for each member. * Participative decision making. * Explicit time period. * Performance evaluation and feedback. Types of objectives: * Routine objectives. * Innovation objectives. * Improvement objectives. The objective must be: o Focused on a result, not an activity. o Consistent. o Specific. o Measurable. o Related to time. o Attainable. MBO strategy has three basic parts: 1. All individuals within an organization are assigned a special set of objectives that they try to reach during a normal operating period. These objectives are mutually set and agreed upon by individuals and their managers. 2. Performance reviews are conducted periodically to determine how close individuals are to attaining their objectives. 3. Rewards are given to individuals on the basis of how close they come to reaching their goals. MBO has six stages: 1. Define corporate objectives at broad level. 2. Analyze management tasks and devise formal job specifications, which allocate responsibilities and decisions to individual managers. 3. Set performance standards. 4. Agree and set specific objectives. 5. Align individual targets with corporate objectives. 6. Establish a management information system to monitor achievements against objectives. The 8 key result areas where managers must pursue clear objectives are: Â · Marketing. Â · Innovation. Â · Human organization. Â · Financial resources. Â · Physical resources. Â · Productivity. Â · Social responsibility. Â · Profit requirement. MBO Key Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages o MBO programs continually emphasize what should be done in an organization to achieve organizational goals. o MBO process secures employee commitment to attaining organizational goals. Disadvantages o The development of objectives can be time consuming, leaving both managers and employees less time in which to do their actual work. o The elaborate written goals, careful communication of goals, and detailed performance evaluation required in an MBO program increase the volume of paperwork in an organization. Managing for Results: The Eight Perceptions: Â · Resources and results exist outside, not inside, the business.

Canada Culture Essay

1.0 Introduction Society is a shared context in a way that every individual’s activity relates and connects to it, including business. Culture is the comprised of values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that differentiate each society. A society’s culture determines the systems that manage how organizations function in the society (Griffin and Pustay, 2010). Because of individuals possess their own activity and habits, they do things differently in a group. There are some characteristics of culture are essential for their significance to international business. First of all, culture reflects learned behavior that is conveyed from one member of a society to another. Certain elements of culture are conveyed intergenerationally, for instance a family, when parents educate their children table etiquette. Some elements are transmitted intragenerationally, like when seniors teach incoming freshmen about a school’s customs (Griffin and Pustay, 2010; Phatak et al., 2009). Next, the elements of culture are interrelated. For example, in Canada, different subcultures (different cultural group) include Anglophones and francophones (English-speaking and French-speaking people) (Deresky, 2011). Due to culture is learned behavior, the culture changes in response to external forces affect the society, in other words, it is adaptive. An example is after World War II, Germany was divided into free-market-oriented West Germany and communist guarded East Germany. Although they are having a common inheritance developed over centuries, this division created large cultural differences between Ossis (East Germans) and Wessis (West Germans). The differences resulted from adaptations of the East German culture to the principles of communist ideology concerning attitudes toward work, risk taking, and integrity of remuneration systems (Griffin and Pustay, 2010). Finally, culture is shared by associates of the society and in fact shapes the membership of the society. Persons who share a culture are members of a society, while those who do not are outside the confines of the society (Griffin and Pustay, 2010). Culture is inside everybody without their realization. We are different because of it. 2.0 Brief Introduction of Canada Location The country to be discussed in this assignment is Canada. Canada is located on the northern section of the North American continent which is the north of the United States mainland. Waters bordering the country consist of the North Atlantic Ocean to the east, the North Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north. Canada’s size is as great as that of the continent of Europe (Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2011). With a total area of approximately 9,984,670 square kilometers according to CIA (2011), it is the largest country in the Western Hemisphere and the second-largest in the world, after Russia (Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2011). In addition, Canada is divided into ten provinces and three territories. The three territories are Yukon Territory, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut Territory (CIA, 2011; Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2011). These lands are all located in the northwestern, tundra regions of Canada, and each of them has a rather small population in comparison to the other provinces. Also, the territories are primarily settled by native tribes. These natives have obtained a certain level of self-government for each particular territory (Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2011). Culture According to CIA, Canada has two official languages, namely English (58.8%) and French (21.6%). Thanks to the diversity of all origins Canadians which stand from British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European 15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, and mixed background 26%, Canada is a highly diverse culture. Besides, the major religions are Roman Catholic and Protestant (CIA, 2011). Due to its short history, Canadian culture is above all modern. This is particularly apparent in its authors, almost all of whom are still alive: Margaret Atwood, Michael Ondaatje, Yann Martel (three recent Booker Prize winners), Marie-Claire Blais and Antonine Maillet are already popular in the US (Embassy of Canada in Washington, 2011). In recent decades, Canada has gained international recognition in the visual arts thanks to progressive artists. Jeff Wall, Rodney Graham, Edward Burtynsky, Ken Lum, Ian Wallace and Genevià ¨ve Cadieux introduced new uses for photography techniques, Janet Cardiff and George Bures Miller used new technologies in artistic formation (Embassy of Canada in Washington, 2011). Population The population of Canada in July 2011 was 34,030,589 as estimated by the CIA (2011), which made its population as number 37 among the 237 countries of the world. It was about 15.9% of the population was over 65 years of age, with 15.7% of the population under 15 years of age in 2011 and there were 98 males for every 100 females in the country in 2011 (CIA, 2011). According to CIA, the annual population growth rate for 2011 is 0.794%. It was estimated by CIA (2011) that 81% of the population lived in urban areas in 2009. Canada’s capital city, Ottawa, had a population of 1,170,000 in that year. The Toronto metropolitan area had an estimated population of 5,377,000; Montrà ©al, 3,750,000; Vancouver, 2,197,000; and Calgary, 1,160,000 (CIA, 2011). According to the Government of Yukon (2011), Yukon Territory has an expanding population over years of 34,667 as of 2010. It was originally occupied by the Athapaskan tribe, which still has six distinct groups of peoples residing in the territory (Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2011). In April 2011, the Northwest Territories had a population of 43,505 (NWT Bureau of Statistics). There is about 28 percent of the population is descended from the Dene tribe, while other indigenous groups are the Inuvialuit and the Mà ©tis (Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2011). Nunavut Bureau of Statistics (2011) shows that the Nunavut Territory had a population of 33,413 as of April 2011. It was separated from the Northwest Territories in 1999 and is now the largest political subdivision in the country, covering 18 percent of the total land area. Moreover, it is also the largest native land-claim settlement in the history of the country. About 84 percent of the residents claim ancestry from native tribes, and the largest of these Nunavut tribes is the Inuit of 83 percent, formerly known as the Eskimos which is a derogatory term meaning â€Å"eaters of raw meat†. Conversely, the remainder of the native population in Nunavut Territory is descended from the Dene and Mà ©tis tribes (Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2011). Nationality According to CIA, the people of Canada is known as Canadian in singular form, and Canadians in the plural form, whereas the adjective of Canada is called Canadian. There are four steps to becoming a Canadian citizen. Firstly, determine if a person is eligible to become a citizen. Secondly, apply for citizenship. Next, take the citizenship test, if the person is between the ages of 18 and 54. Finally, attend a citizenship ceremony, if the person is 14 or older (CIC, 2011). Economy As Canada Site (2011) says, Canada is one of the world’s wealthiest nations, has the tenth largest economy in the world, and has one of the highest levels of economic freedom in the world. Besides that, Canada is also a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Group of Eight (G8). OECD is a platform in which governments work together to share experiences and seek solutions to common problems (OECD, 2011), while G8 is the group of eight highly industrialized nations including Canada, which hold a yearly meeting, the G8 Summit to foster consensus on global issues like economic growth and crisis management, global security, energy, and terrorism (Council on Foreign Relations, 2011). Since World War II, the remarkable growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed Canada from a largely rural economy into one primarily urban industrial. The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the United States of America (US), Canada’s principal trading partner. Canada benefits a substantial trade surplus with the US, which absorbs about three-fourths of Canadian exports each year. Furthermore, Canada is the US’s largest foreign supplier of energy, including oil, gas, uranium, and electric power. With great natural resources, skilled labor force, and modern capital plant, Canada’s economies enjoyed solid growth over years (CIA, 2011). The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country of purchasing power parity in 2010 was $1.33 trillion, which shows an increase after the economic recession from 2008 to 2009, with GDP of official exchange rate $1.574 trillion in 2010 (CIA, 2011). Together with the Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) for the year 2010 of $39,400, there was a surge since 2009. The services sector was the major part of composition of GDP which was 78% in 2010, with 20 % in industry, and 2% in agriculture. Canada also had an unemployment rate of 8% in 2010 which has a drop of 0.3% compared to 2009. However, the inflation rate also had a surge of 1.3% to 1.6% in 2010 (CIA, 2011). The agricultural products of Canada include wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits and more, whereas the industries products are stand from transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum and natural gas. The exports commodities are motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment, chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, and aluminum with $406.8 billion in 2010. Imported goods are machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods with $406.4 billion in 2010 (CIA, 2011). On 8 July 2011, the rate of 1.00 US dollar is 0.96 Canadian Dollar, which is the currency of Canada, at an exchange rate of 0.9627 using nominal rate (Bank of Canada, 2011). Politics Canada achieved independence on the first of July 1867 and recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster on 11 December 1931. The government of Canada stands of a parliamentary democracy, a federation, and a constitutional monarchy (CIA, 2011). Every territory has only one senator and one representative in the national parliament, fewer legislators than those representing the other provinces (Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2011). Besides, the political leaders are consist of the Bloc Quebecois, Gilles Duceppe; Conservative Party of Canada, Stephen Harper; Green Party, Elizabeth May; Liberal Party, Robert Rae(interim); and New Democratic Party, Jack Layton. These political pressure groups are from the agricultural sector, automobile industry, business groups, chemical industry, commercial banks, communications sector, energy industry, environmentalists, public administration groups, steel industry, and trade unions (CIA, 2011). 3.0 Analysis of Geert Hofstede’s Dimensions Brief Nature of the Business The industry for this assignment is in the retailing sector. It is placed in Charlottetown, which is located in the province of Prince Edward Island, Canada. Its primary industry is in the fish and seafood markets, together with its alternate industry of dealing with wholesalers and distributors, and a full-service restaurant. It serves as a seafood market to sell live and cooked lobster; live mussels, clams, oysters, and quahaugs; shucked scallops, frozen snow crab sections, haddock, salmon and halibut fillets, lobster meat, and much more. Besides, the organization also dispatches lobster, mussels and oysters across Canada. Having the company set off with wonderful views of the heritage Hillsborough River and Charlottetown waterfront, it is a spot for people heading to the waterfront for a delicious seafood meal, or purchasing lobster, mussels, clams, oysters, crab or fresh fillets from the seafood marke t in the town. Introduction of Geert Hofstede’s Dimensions Culture is defined into several ways. They include Geert Hofstede’s Five Dimensions which would be discussed as the following. Social Orientation Social orientation or individualism versus collectivism dimension looked at the relationship between the person and his or her fellows. In societies where individualism was emphasized, the ties between individuals were loose and individual achievement and freedom were highly treasured. In collectivistic societies, the bonds between individuals were tight. Therefore, people born in collective societies, for example extended families, and everyone was supposed to take care of the interest of his or her group (Hill, 2007). Power Orientation One of the dimensions from Hofstede is the power orientation (Giffin and Pustay, 2010), or the power distance as Hill (2007) says. It is mainly dealt with the way a society treats the fact of unequal physical and intellectual capabilities in humans. High power orientation cultures were found in countries that permit inequalities grow eventually into inequalities of power and wealth, says Hofstede (Hill, 2007). According to Griffin and Pustay (2010), high power orientation denotes a power respect culture, where people in a culture tend to accept the power and authority of their superiors merely on the basis of the superiors’ positions in the hierarchy. These same people also are inclined to respect the superiors’ right to that power orientation. People at all levels in a firm accept the decisions and mandates of those above them because of the implied belief that higher-level positions carry the right to make decisions and issue commands (Giffin and Pus tay, 2010). On the contrary, low power distance cultures would try to minimize such inequalities they could (Hill, 2007). As Griffin and Pustay (2010) say, low power orientation suggests that a culture is in power tolerance. It has much less significance to an individual’s position in the hierarchy. They are more willing to question a decision or mandate from those higher levels or even reject it. They are willing to follow a leader when that leader is perceived to be correct or when it seems to be in their own self-interest to do so but not because of the leader’s intangible right to issue mandates. Uncertainty Orientation Another dimension is uncertainty orientation (Griffin and Pustay, 2010) or uncertainty avoidance according to Hill (2007). It assessed the degree of various cultures socialize their members into acknowledging indefinite situations and tolerating ambiguity. Correlates of low uncertainty orientation, or uncertainty avoidance according to Griffin and Pustay (2010) a culture set high priority on job security, career patterns, retirement benefits, and the like. They also took seriously for rules and regulations; the manager was expected to deliver clear instructions, and subordinates’ initiatives were closely controlled (Hill, 2007). Furthermore, Griffin and Pustay (2010) define low power orientation as ambiguity and change are seen as undesirable, and society will prevent it whenever possible. These people prefer a structured, routine, and even bureaucratic, way of performing tasks. On the other hand, high uncertainty orientation, or uncertainty acceptance according to Griffin and Pustay (2010) cultures were regarded as a greater readiness to take risks and less emotional resistance to change (Hill, 2007). According to Griffin and Pustay (2010), people in uncertainty acceptance are stimulated by change and thrive on new opportunities. Ambiguity is considered as a context within which an individual can grow, develop, and engrave out new opportunities. A sense of monotony, routineness, and overbearing structure are the certainty carried in this culture. Goal Orientation Goal orientation or masculinity versus feminity according to Hill (2007) is the approach in which people are motivated to work toward different types of goals. One extreme on the goal orientation range is aggressive goal behavior. People who display aggressive goal behavior or masculine cultures according to Hill (2007) tend to place a high premium on material possessions, money, and assertiveness. At the other extreme, passive goal behavior or feminine cultures according to Hill (2007) are people that place a higher value on social relationships, quality of life, and welfare for others. Moreover, cultures that value aggressive goal behavior also tend to define gender-based roles rather rigidly, whereas cultures that stress passive goal behavior do not. In cultures regarded as extremely aggressive goal behavior, men are expected to work and to focus their careers in conventionally male occupations; women are usually expected not to work outside the home and to focus on their families. If they do work outside the home, they are usually expected to be engaged in areas of traditionally work dominated by women (Griffin and Pustay, 2010). Time Orientation Hofstede’s fifth dimension, time orientation, is the extent to which members of a culture adopt a long-term against a short-term outlook on work, life, and other aspects of society. Some cultures, such as those of Hong Kong, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea, have a longterm, future orientation that cherish dedication, hard work, perseverance, and moderation. Other cultures, including those of Pakistan and West Africa, have a tendency to focus on the past and present, stressing respect for traditions and fulfillment of social obligations (Griffin and Pustay, 2010). Assessment of Canada’s Culture Using Hofstede’s Dimensions In this part of the assignment, Canada’s culture is studied along Hofstede’s Dimensions. The ranking of Five Dimensions for Canada adapted from Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions (2009) is shown in Figure 1 below.

The Original Bill of Rights Had 12 Amendments, Not 10

How many amendments are in the Bill of Rights? If you answered 10, you are correct. But if you visit the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom at the National Archives Museum in Washington, D.C., you will see that the original copy of the Bill of Rights sent to states for ratification had 12 amendments. Fast Facts: The Bill of Rights The  Bill of Rights is the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution.The Bill of Rights establishes specific restrictions and prohibitions on the powers of the  federal government.The Bill of Rights was created in response to demands from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties already considered  natural rights, such as the rights to speak and worship freely.The Bill of Rights, originally in the form of 12 amendments, was submitted to the legislatures of the states for their consideration on September 28, 1789, and was ratified by the required three-fourths (then 11) states in the form of 10 amendments on December 15, 1791. What is the Bill of Rights? The Bill of Rights is the popular name for a joint resolution passed by the first U.S. Congress on September 25, 1789. The resolution proposed the first set of amendments to the Constitution. Then as now, the process of amending the Constitution required the resolution to be ratified or approved by at least three-fourths of the states. Unlike the 10 amendments we know and cherish today as the Bill of Rights, the resolution sent to the states for ratification in 1789 proposed 12 amendments. When the votes of the 11 states were finally counted on December 15, 1791, only the last 10 of the 12 amendments had been ratified. Thus, the original third amendment, establishing freedom of speech, press, assembly, petition, and the right to a fair and speedy trial became todays First Amendment. Imagine 6,000 Members of Congress Rather than establishing rights and freedoms, the first amendment as voted on by the states in the original Bill of Rights proposed a ratio by which to determine the number of people to be represented by each member of the House of Representatives. The original first amendment (not ratified) read: After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons. Had the amendment been ratified, the number of members of the House of Representatives could by now be over 6,000, compared to the present 435. As apportioned by the latest  Census, each member of the House currently represents about 650,000 people. The Original 2nd Amendment: Money The original second amendment as voted on, but rejected by the states in 1789, addressed congressional pay, rather than the right of the people to possess firearms. The original second amendment (not ratified) read: No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. Though not ratified at the time, the original second amendment finally made its way into the Constitution in 1992, ratified as the 27th Amendment, a full 203 years after it was first proposed. The Third Became the First As a result of the failure of the states to ratify the original first and second amendments in 1791, the original third amendment became a part of the Constitution as the First Amendment we cherish today. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Background Delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 considered but defeated a proposal to include a bill of rights in the initial version of the Constitution. This resulted in a  heated debate during the ratification process. The Federalists, who supported the Constitution as written, felt a bill of rights was not needed because the Constitution intentionally limited the powers of the federal government to interfere with the rights of the states, most of which had already adopted bills of rights. The Anti-Federalists, who opposed the Constitution, argued in favor of the Bill of Rights, believing that the central government could not exist or function without a clearly established list of rights guaranteed to the people. Some of the states hesitated to ratify the Constitution without a bill of rights. During the ratification process, the people and the state legislatures called for the first Congress serving under the new Constitution in 1789 to consider and put forward a bill of rights. According to the National Archives, the then 11 states began the process of ratifying the Bill of Rights by holding a referendum, asking its voters to approve or reject each of the 12 proposed amendments. Ratification of any amendment by at least three-quarters of the states meant acceptance of that amendment. Six weeks after receiving the Bill of Rights resolution, North Carolina ratified the Constitution. (North Carolina had resisted ratifying the Constitution because it did not guarantee individual rights.) During this process, Vermont became the first state to join the Union after the Constitution was ratified, and Rhode Island (the lone holdout) also joined. Each state tallied its votes and forwarded the results to Congress. Sources and Further Reference â€Å"The Charters of Freedom: The Bill of Rights.† Washington, DC. National Archives and Records Administration.â€Å"James Madison’s Proposed Amendments to the Constitution, June 8, 1789.† Washington, DC. National Archives and Records Administration.Lloyd, Gordon. â€Å"Introduction to the Constitutional Convention.† Teaching American History.

Diet and physical activity in the self-management of type 2 diabetes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2199 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction In the recent past, there have been so many cases of diabetes and about 9% of the world has had problems dealing with this disease. Diabetes has affected both the developed and the developing world while the women become the most affected individuals. The western lifestyle has been so much been blamed for the high occurrence of this disease. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Diet and physical activity in the self-management of type 2 diabetes" essay for you Create order This includes the type of food that people eat and failure to get involved in physical activities. This paper will look at a research done that follows the guidelines of evidence-based practice in managing diabetes through physical activity and proper diet. It will also look at the importance of the evidence based practice and how it is of help to patients and physicians. The barriers that also challenge the practice will also be outlined. Evidence-Based Practice Evidence-based practice is the use of the best researched proven medicine and assessments in health care and providing service to patients (Baker, and Tickle-Degnen,   2014, P.400). This is a practice that uses evidence-based medicine by integrating it in clinical expertise from the best systematic research. The practice makes that the clinicians are able to stay in touch with the researched literature which they use in making a decision while treating patients. The clinician has to share this research with his or her clients so that the client will decide on the best methods to choose from a variety. Clinicians have to record the methods that they use to treat patients and also the evidence so that they are accountable for their own actions in case of problems arising. As a clinician using EBP helps in giving the best services to the clients due to the incoming practices that are easily affordable and effective. For clinicians evaluating all evidence will be nerve racking and time consuming and therefore the need for the group to help them discuss this research seems to serve them better. The EBP used has to be in line with the needs, values, and preferences of the clients (Liamputtong, 2013, p.102). EBP seeks to serve the following needs: It questions the scientific experiment used in a certain problem, it observes and analyses the description used, it also records the evidence of systematic retrieving (Rynes, et.al, 210, 2014). EBP not only relies on the decisions of the evidence provided but also seeks to incorporate the characteristics of the patients involved. The technicians have to use techniques that are best according to the research. This is because some therapy methods work better than others. In their work clinicians have to take procedures so that they ensure that they are in line with the EBP guidelines. The first thing that they will do is to formulate a clinical question, search the literature sort and critique the literature. They will then come up with the recommendations according to their research which they implement and document them. This is done through applying them through their clients by treating and also consulting them on what serves them best and what will help them from their problems. The final process is through sharing the results of the EBP used with others through writing. Research on Diet and physical activity on type 2 diabetes Diet and physical activity in patients with type 2 diabetes have proven a great problem but through proper management, it has given an easier time to health professionals and patients. After holding several focus groups with patients with type 2 diabetes, discussions were held focusing on management of the disease, barriers, and facilitators. This included focusing on changes in diet and physical activity. Findings of the groups were later recorded. The finding helped in better understanding of those diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and also the clinicians (Stenlà ¶f, pg. 375, 2013). Research on patients’ behavior regarding their diet and physical activities was carried out. Questionnaire forms were issued to patients so that they could indicate the number of days that they were involved in any exercise. Those who engaged in physical activity more had better results and management of type 2 diabetes. Participants performed 30 minutes of activity for about 4 days a week Dietary advice was given to sensitize the patients and create awareness on the benefits of eating healthy food. The food should be readily available to the general population which they do not have to struggle while attaining it. The food should also be in line with the patient beliefs, culture, and their needs. Patients should be sensitized to change from their poor methods of feeding to better ones which will improve their health at large (Salas-Salvadà ³, et.al, p. 15, 2011). The decrease of the type 2 diabetes incidences in the Mediterranean diet implies that the diet should be well balanced with high fiber, carbohydrates with low glycemic indexes like whole grains, vegetables, fruits. Additionally, low-fat dairy products should be encouraged while the intake of foods which have saturated and trans-fatty acids be controlled and be kept at minimum levels. The risk of hypoglycemia will also be reduced when using insulin (Booth, p. 293, 2013). Meal patterns in patients should be consistent and not jumped. Alcohol intake in patients should also be discouraged. Excess energy intake through carbohydrates should be minimized, although sucrose containing foods can substitute carbohydrates. Marketed foods for people with diabetes should also be discouraged. In case these patients are admitted in a hospital meal planning should be implemented so as to ensure that they do not lack the consistency of carbohydrates in their meals or snacks. For adults who are obese with a BMI of more than 30, it is recommended that there should be referred to structured behavioral interventions that aim at losing weight because of the high risk that they are exposed to due to their weight. It is also recommended that the patients be involved in the physical activity which will get them actively involved. The physical activities that can be done range from moderate to highly intensive one. When a patient is involved in any type of physical activity it helps in improving the blood glucose in the body. This helps prevent the mortality rate of these patients due to the benefit that physical activity gives the body. The insulin levels are greatly improved with exercise through aerobic activity and resistance training. Physical activity ensures that fuel is used through the coordination of the endocrine and nervous system (Umpierre, Ribeiro, et.al, pg. 1795, 2011). When someone exercises, fuel used causes predominance reliance of the free fat ty acids that are resting to blend to fat, glucose and then to muscle glycogen. The more the exercise the more the reliance of carbohydrates as long as they are enough amounts in muscle and blood. When the glycogen levels become low, the muscles will increase the uptake and use the circulating blood glucose with the free fatty acids that tissues release. Aerobic exercise improves the blood glucose levels while resistance exercise results in lower fasting blood glucose for 24 hours after the exercise. Physical activity in patients is very important and they should, therefore, choose those that involve the whole body and the duration should also be increased. Physical activity uses carbohydrates and also fat utilization is also increased (Colberg, et.al, p. 155, 2010). Type 2 diabetes is associated with a decrease in oxidation of lipids; utilization of the fats will lead to improvement in the condition of the disease. Type 2 diabetes has also been caused by obesity. To avoid obesity in patients, weight loss must be achieved so that they do not have big bodies that will affect their health. Body weight cannot solely depend on physical activity; it also includes other factors like diet and modification of behavior. This means that type 2 diabetes patients have to be very vigilant of the food that they eat and aim at eating fit. Patients watching what they eat after being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes matters a lot since it helps control glucose levels. The diabetic diet revolves around carbs, fat, fiber, and salt. Diabetes comes with complications of hearts diseases and it is therefore important to avoid fatty diets that contribute to this. Saturated and Trans fats should be avoided at all costs. The fats are found in foods like baked foods, milk, beef, and cheese. It is, therefore, wiser to concentrate on foods like lean meat, eating boiled, roasted, or baked food, low-fat dairy products, and use of vegetable oils (Carter, Gray, et.al, p. 341, 2010) Carbs are the foods that drive a body by giving it fuel thus affect the blood sugar by a great level. These include foods like potatoes, corn, and fruits, grains and sugars. The complex carbohydrates are the best since they take the time to be digested and therefore give steady fiber and energy to the body. It is therefore wise to control the carbohydrates that get in our bodies so that the insulin levels do not go up or fall rapidly (Elhayany, et.al, p. 206, 2010). Too much salt causes heart disease and therefore should be limited. It is important to avoid seasoned and flavored foods, any canned foods, and processed foods so as to avoid this risk. Fresh ingredients should at all times be encouraged for type 2 diabetes patients (Tahrani, et.al, p. 193, 2011). Barriers The biggest barriers that prove to be blocking this research are diet. People find it hard to control the food they eat especially where there is only one patient involved in a family setting. Most of the patients report shows the lack of discipline in what they eat due to the presence of other foods that are cooked in a family. It also becomes tricky for patients who travel a lot and are not able to control the amount of processed foods that they eat. It is hard to come across outlets that offer these kinds of foods recommended for these patients (Rapp, et.al, p. 114, 2010). While doing this research I also experienced problems with the research Physical activity has also been a problem for patients especially when they are overcome by this disease. It seems almost impossible for them to engage in physical activity. The nature of work that these patients engage in also matters a lot. This is because, with the technology advancement some of the work does not need a lot of movement and therefore face the challenge of exercising (Majid, et.al, p. 65, 2011). Physicians also face challenges while dealing with patients. Most of the times, patients do not follow the given instructions (Solomons, and Spross, p. 111, 2011). This pushes them back making them start afresh. Others are forgetful especially the older adults who even skip up doses of medication. Education has also posed a major problem due to the difference in the age whereby people who learned a long time were not able to learn of EBP approach to take care of patients. There is, therefore, consumption of time in trying to teach on how to do research. My take on this domain I chose this domain of type 2 diabetes due to the problems that I have seen with patients trying to cope with the disease. If an action by these patients is taken on managing this disease this could avoid the risks that are involved with it. The disease has been a menace to the world with patients even dying at an early age. These practices of watching diet and physical activity are very important for preventing this disease. I feel that it is also easier to prevent a disease than treating it. My research has also chosen simple tactics that can be afforded by both physicians and patients in managing the disease. It is much easier to diet on the foods mentioned since they are easily afforded. The only thing that matters most is the discipline that the patients have in observing what they eat, This research can be relied on due to the benefits that it has in managing type 2 diabetes. Through proper management, it can reduce the mortality rates of patients and also reduce the risks that are involved with diabetes. Conclusion Evidence-based practices have been proven to successful in delivering services to patients and in the nursing department. Following guidelines of this practice, it is, therefore, easier for a research done in the same way to be of help. The research and study are aimed to help the nursing fraternity in treating patients well and guiding them in the practices of dealing with type 2 diabetes. If taken into consideration this research can be of much importance in helping patients deal with it and also enable them to prolong their life. It will also enable physicians to deal with lighter cases and thereby making the services better. The society will also benefit as a whole since funds directed at dealing with complicated cases will be directed elsewhere. In addition, the research was accompanied by various technicalities especially when dealing with the patients. This included that most of the patients fail to follow the given instructions thus making it for their self-management both in diet and physical activity. However, nurses can take my research simple tactics in managing the patients affected by the disease bearing in mind that it is much easier to diet on the foods mentioned since they are easily afforded. In addition, patients should be disciplined and observe what they eat.

Operant Conditioning Methods And Research - 1620 Words

Introduction In the article, â€Å"Operant Conditioning Methods Applied to Research in Chronic Schizophrenia,† a study is described where experimenters used operant conditioning methods to analyze the behavior of â€Å"non-verbal, lowly motivated, chronic psychotic patients.† (Lindsley 118-119) Before this study can be understood, a brief description of operant conditioning is necessary. Operant conditioning was a method developed by B.F. Skinner in 1938. (121) Prior to this year, Skinner became very interested in analyzing the behavior of laboratory animals. He put the animal(s) in a small enclosure, free to do whatever they wanted. Within the small enclosure, there was a device, such as a light switch, that the animal could operate by turning it on and off. Every time the animal turned the light switch on or off, an item that would reinforce the behavior of turning the light switch on or off, such as a piece of food, would become available to the animal. Skinner believed that by providing a reinforcing item to the animal every time it displayed the desired behavior of turning the light switch on an off, the animal would continuously display the target behavior. Research Questions Since 1938, operant conditioning has been used extensively by many different professionals to control many different types of behavior. In the study in this article, experimenters posed the question, â€Å"How would individuals with schizophrenia behave in an enclosed space with nothing but a stimulusShow MoreRelatedEssay Is Learning a Science?801 Words   |  4 Pageslearning methods. These methods are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Precisely, what is conditioning? Conditioning is the process of changing behavior in such a way that an action formerly associated with a particular stimulus becomes associated with a new and unrelated stimulus. 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Employers Get Tough on Health free essay sample

The article entitled â€Å"Employers Get Tough on Health† is printed by the Chicago Tribune September 24, 2007 and it addresses how some companies in America are now choosing whether you get hired or keep your job based on your personal behavior and lifestyle habits such as smoking or eating high fat meals. In the reading the Article states â€Å"the rules of the work place are changing† and you should be informed of those changes so you can be a likely candidate to get hired if applying for a new job at these companies. I will tell you how they are testing to see if you make â€Å"bad† lifestyle choices and also how it may affect whether you qualify for health insurance or your job at these companies. The company known as Weyco Inc. in Michigan is who the article is about. This Company drew national attention in 2005 when it fired four employees who used tobacco. We will write a custom essay sample on Employers Get Tough on Health or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Weyco performs random testing every three months, usually of about 30 workers. The workers are supposed to breath into a breathalyzer-like device that measures carbon-monoxide levels. So if the level is high then they are given a urine test and if they fail they will be dismissed. This is a scary idea to those who might smoke. Also I need to mention that you should say goodbye to the days of high-fat meals because Weyco can also regulate your blood pressure, body mass and glucose levels. The requirements embraced by a growing number of companies are setting privacy aside and raising questions about who will qualify for health insurance and more importantly employment. Like some of the employees you may be wondering if these new rules are illegal. According to Gary Climes, vice president of Meritain Health Michigan, who owns Weyco, stated that the firings do not violate Michigan law and that the 150 employees at the company have accepted the rules. It really comes down to a personal choice as far as do you want to be employed here,† Climes said. Since 2005 when Weyco instituted the wellness policy that includes the smoking ban, health insurance costs have increased by only 2 percent which is below the national average. So you now should be worried because personal behavior and lifestyle habits, those unrelated to work, are now fair game for employers determined to cut health care costs. The Article is very informative and gives detailed reports on the testing and how you could potentially be â€Å"dismissed† if you fail one of the tests. Also the article is expressing to you how you should rethink the junk food you have been eating or the cigarette you are about to smoke. Although thousands of employees have put in place incentives for their workers to live healthier lifestyles, the great numbers of employers have not yet embraced the act to penalize workers who don’t satisfy medical and behavioral rules. Although you should really try to take steps to better yourself and use this article as a little push even if you don’t live in Michigan because punitive measures are gaining a foothold in the workplace. I recommend this article to anyone who is currently looking for a job to get these ideas flowing in your head because even if the company you’re working for isn’t testing you or firing people for smoking you should still be aware that they look at your habits. The most important aspect you should have in the work place in presentation in your effort and in yourself. I found this article very informative because I had no idea that businesses even started testing people to see if they smoke or cared that you smoked at all. Although some things may be out of your immediate control such as high blood pressure and glucose levels, you can take measures to improve your health in the long run with choosing a healthier lifestyle, not only for yourself but for your job.