Molecular Taxonomic Tools Estimates †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Molecular Taxonomic Tools Estimates. Answer: Introduction: In the prospective study, the following research question was prepared: Will vegetation decrease when there is an increase in altitude caused by a decrease in temperature? The research location chosen for the study was the Tongario Alpine Crossing environment. In order to address the research question certain measures were employed to carry out the research methodology in a satisfactory manner. Field techniques such as that of vegetation survey, topographic survey were utilized to derive suitable information in the context. The types and differences in vegetation was noted by vegetation survey as part of the environmental monitoring. The topographic survey was further aimed to identify and map the contours of the ground in addition to the knowledge regarding the features and elevations of the land (Landon, 2014). The global positioning system (GPS) in conjunction with the geographic information system (GIS) was applied as well for accurate assessment of the chosen location (Kitamura et al., 2013). The air temperature was noted in the study by virtue of employing the psychrometer device where the dry bulb temperature along with the wet bulb temperature. Information regarding the relative humidity and the ambient temperature was provided by the psychrometer set up (Callahan, 2015). Further barometric altimeter through measurement of the air pressure determined the altitude of a place that is reflected by the distance of a point above the sea level. The windmill anemometer device was used to measure the speed of the wind as well as the direction of the wind by means of the wind vane attached as part of the instrument (Debnath et al., 2016). Further, the slope aspect that related to the direction that the slope faces was determined by means of the clinometer device. The angle of tilt, elevation or depression of the place with respect to the gravity was noted as part of the observatory data (Tokuoka Hashigoe, 2015). Thus, all the data collected in course of the stu dy was collected by collective efforts with each member of the group documenting the observations pertaining to a specific parameter on a rotational basis. Collection And Recording Of Data: In the given study, primary data was collected from the site of location in the Tongario Alpine Crossing situated in New Zealand. Based on the research topic, a vast array of data was collected from the site to address the research objective in an appropriate manner. Vital information regarding the site location, time of data collection, altitude measurement, air temperature, wind speed, wind direction and slope aspect was procured by adopting definite field techniques in the context of geographical research study. Valid observations, reliable measurements alongside photographing, surveying, utilizing questionnaires, interviewing, accessing secondary resources were performed following suitable conventions to undertake the study in an effective way. Questionnaires were prepared for conducting the interview session with the local inhabitants for the purpose of retrieving adequate information regarding the local vegetation and climate. Further information pertinent to the research topic was derived from secondary sources by referring to the web based research articles that are available from relevant databases via appropriate journals. While collecting secondary sources of information, emphasis was laid upon collecting recent data and the information for the past twenty years was chosen for incorporation in the study. The literature sources that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded from the study by means of adopting appropriate research strategy. Date Weather Conditions Site Time Altitude Temperature Wind Speed Wind Direction Slope Aspect (AM / PM) (m) (C) (km.hr-1) Western Slope (Bottom) 8:40 AM 1192.99 9 Western Slope (Middle) 10:10 AM 1570.26 8 Western Slope (Top) 11:42 AM 1648.64 8 Northern Slope 01:05 PM 1695 15 Date Weather Conditions Site Time Altitude Temperature Wind Speed Wind Direction Slope Aspect (AM / PM) (m) (C) (km.hr-1) Mountain Peak 11:40 AM 1696 8 Mountain Peak 11: 40 AM 1837 9 Presentation and analysis: The vegetation and the growth and survival of it depend heavily on the climate conditions and water availability. Studies suggest that in the higher altitudes the dropping temperature and the decreasing availability of the water and other soil nutrients rapidly decrease the vegetation diversity (Efford et al., 2014). The purpose behind the assignment had been to discover whether the decrease in temperature brought about by gradual increase in the altitude decreased the vegetation diversity significantly. In this context the temperature drop with accordance to the increase in the altitude has been discussed in the data sheet. For this assignment the western slope, northern slope and the mountain peak was selected as the subject venue for the vegetation survey. The vegetation that is generally prevalent in the Tongariro alpine crossing situated in the New Zealand area include the alpine plants, mountain beech forests and delicate flowering plants orchids, mistletoe and sundew. These plants in this area are generally are the landmark flora and have unique characteristics of adapting to the temperate zone, and are characteristics of this region. The average temperature of this region ranges from 13 to 15C and this colder climate encourages the growth of these temperate plants. In the western slopes within the altitude range of 1000 to 1500 m, where the temperature ranged from 8 to 9 C epiphytic ferns, orchids and fungi grow along with some deciduous plants. The magnificent height of these deciduous plants give them leverage for the lack of sunlight, the canopy is much higher than average to compete for the availability of sunlight (Holzman, Rivas Piccolo, 2014). As the altitude crosses the threshold of 1500 m, pauhatea trees and beech forests were found to expand a vast land, red, silver and mountain beech were prevalently found. The northern slopes however had surveyed altitudes higher than 1500 m and the temperature in 1 in the noon was 15 C which is considerably warmer than the western slope. The northern slopes had the vegetation variety of trussock shrubland and trussock grasses. The mountain peak however is stony and gravelly with very less soil content. The altitude surveyed was 1600 to 1800m and the temperature was close to 8 C, the vegetation was very scanty in the region and was highly unfavorable for any growth however plants like mountain snowberry, snow totara, bristle trussock and bluegrass (Holzman, Rivas Piccolo, 2014). Conclusion: On a concluding note, it can be said that the vegetation of the Alpine altitudes studied changed gradually with increasing altitude and decreasing temperature. For example in the western slopes within the range of 1000 to 1500 meters the vegetation was basically epiphytic ferns and orchids and deciduous plants were found. In this context the temperate deciduous plants are more adapt with dryer climate conditions. It has to be considered that with the elevation in the altitude, other substantial factors like wind flow, humidity and soil characteristics play a significant role in it. With the dryer climate deciduous and epiphytic ferns that have an annual reproductive cycle are more suitable for survival. Along with that the height of these temperate trees gives them leverage in the competition in attaining sunlight, and as the epiphytic ferns require shady colder climate with moist soil, they grow abundantly in the western slopes (Liu, Liu Shao, 2014). In the northern slopes the altitude surveyed was up to and beyond 1500 meters with the temperature much warmer at 13 to 15 C, where the prevalence of beech forests and trussock shrubs were found. In the comparatively warmer temperatures these pants are more prone to grow. Shrubs and grasses grow more effectively in milder temperatures and are found to be dominating the slightly warmer northern slope. In case of mountain peak however we could find a sudden drop to the temperature for the significant increase in the temperature. In the altitude of more up to and beyond 1800 the temperature of lower than 8 C, the vegetation was found to be very scanty. A contributing factor to this can be the dominance of stony and gravelly soil there is very less chances of plants growing. However the snow covered surface will prevent the growth of usual temperate flora further, hence the growth of mountain snowberry and snow totara was found as they can thrive in such colder and adverse conditions (Or han, Ekercin Celik, 2014). From the data collected it is clear that the vegetation decreased with the change in temperature and the diversity of the vegetation changed as well with the increasing altitude and growingly colder and dryer climate. Hence the research question was found to be true that the vegetation decreases with increasing temperature and declining temperature plays a profound role in it but oter confounding actors such as humidity, air and soil chemistry also are important factors (Pauli, Gottfried Grabherr, 2014). Geographic ideas: The two geographic ideas that has been opted out for the assignment are distance and location. In this assignment the exploratory research study has been on the decrasing vegetation in accordance with the increasing altitude and resultant decrease in temperature. It has to be understood that the distance that is relevant to this topic is the distance from sea level, otherwise known as altitude. Altitude has a profound effect on the change in growth patterns of not only the flora but also the habitation of the fauna (Shen et al., 2014). As the distance from the sea level increases the climate condition as a whole continues to change, where in sea level the plants are neumatophoric and water dwelling in the plains the vegetation is diverse with the availability of all kinds of angiosperms. With more increase in the distance from sea level, the vegetation changes from angiosperms to gymnosperms, fungi, bryophytes and algae (Szczypta et al., 2015). As the distance from sea level approach the peak, vegetation gradually decreases with availability of certain cold favoring ferns and bryophytes that can survive in dryer and colder climates, this change in diversity has been highlighted in the assignment. The second idea opted out has been location which also has an impact on the vegetation diversity of a region. For example in the tropical regions the vegetation is more dominated by the members of Palmae family and heat loving angiosperms, whereas in the temperate regions the vegetation is dominated by epiphytic ferns, deciduous and cone shaped gymnosperms, mosses an bryophytes. In this case the assignment focused on the alpine temperate location where the climate is colder and moist in most cases and dry in extremely higher altitudes. The vegetation in alpine regions are dominated by deciduous gymnosperms with magnificent height, epiphytic annual ferns, beeches, shrubs and snowberries (Thompson Newmaster, 2014). The change and gradual decrease in the vegetation unique of temperate regions has been excellently depicted I the assignment. Evaluation: On a concluding note it can be said that the data collected has been adequate for deriving the conclusion. The data that has been collected could provide valuable details of the altitude and the temperature drop according to it and how both factors played a crucial role in the changing diversity in the vegetation that the area exhibited. It has to be understood that the data could clearly depict the vegetation decreasing substantially and the becoming conspicuously scanty in the mountain pea where the altitude is the highest and temperature the lowest. However, different studies have pointed out at the role of other confounding factors like wind, water availability, humidity and soil chemistry on the flora diversity of a particular altitude. This information could not be collected in the assignment due to some restrictions and hence these information could not be analyzed. The research project was planned properly using tools such as global positioning system and topographic survey technique has been utilized to scan the vegetation. The data collection tools such as survey tools, vegetation survey technique and topographic measurement tool gave an accurate results about the vegetation of the selected altitudes. It can be concluded that the data recording and analysis techniques were successful however the air pressure, wind flow, humidity and water availability has been neglected which is the only limitation of the study, the rest of the study was absolutely valid and genuine (Williamson, 2015). References: Bangen, S. G., Wheaton, J. M., Bouwes, N., Bouwes, B., Jordan, C. (2014). A methodological intercomparison of topographic survey techniques for characterizing wadeable streams and rivers.Geomorphology,206, 343-361. 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